For residents across Southern California and the Inland Empire, the pressures are familiar: housing, utilities, food and transportation costs have climbed faster than many paychecks. Statewide, California’s cost of living is 11% higher than the national average, according to the federal Bureau of Economic Analysis. Rents are 53% above the U.S. average, while utility costs are 63% higher.

Those expenses are a major reason California also has the nation’s highest poverty rate when cost of living is taken into account, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. They also help explain why many residents have left for less expensive states. Since 2015, California has recorded a net loss of about 900,000 residents to other states, according to the Public Policy Institute of California.

At the same time, California’s job market remains uneven. The state’s unemployment rate is 5.3%, among the highest in the country, with more than 1 million people out of work. A broader labor measure that includes discouraged job seekers and part-time workers who want full-time employment stands at 10.1%, also the highest in the nation.

In response, Gov. Gavin Newsom and the Legislature have pursued a mix of housing reforms, temporary relief programs and wage mandates. State leaders have approved numerous laws intended to speed up housing construction, particularly for lower- and moderate-income residents, with the goal of easing one of the largest drivers of household costs.

But housing production has remained well below what officials have said is needed. California has been building roughly 100,000 housing units a year, and the governor’s latest budget projections show only modest growth, to about 115,000 units annually through 2030.

When state finances have allowed, lawmakers also have funded direct assistance programs, including the California Earned Income Tax Credit and guaranteed income pilot efforts. Increasingly, however, wage policy has become one of the most visible tools used to address affordability.

A new report from the Virginia-based Employment Policies Institute found that California is leading the nation in setting higher minimum wages for specific industries and localities. The report says eight of the 10 largest local minimum wage increases taking effect in July are in California.

The most prominent example remains the state’s $20 minimum wage for fast-food workers, approved after an intense political fight and accompanied by the creation of a state body to oversee employment conditions in the industry. The policy continues to spark disagreement over its consequences.

Supporters point to studies showing that the wage increase did not significantly reduce employment or drive up prices. Opponents cite other research arguing that fast-food operators responded by raising menu prices and reducing staffing.

The state also has approved higher wages for health care workers. Local governments have moved in the same direction, setting wage floors for selected industries, including hotel workers in Los Angeles and amusement park employees in San Diego.

In Los Angeles, the City Council approved a $30 minimum wage for hotel and airport workers, based partly on the idea that visitors would absorb much of the added cost. Implementation was later delayed until after the 2028 Olympics as part of an agreement with business leaders, who in exchange withdrew a ballot measure that would have eliminated the city’s gross receipts tax, a key source of municipal revenue.

The push for sector-specific wage increases is continuing. The Service Employees International Union is backing Senate Bill 1203, which would increase training requirements for private security guards and give the state Industrial Welfare Commission authority to set new minimum wages for those workers.

The central question for California is whether higher mandated wages can keep workers afloat without worsening the affordability problem they are meant to address. If employers pass higher labor costs on to consumers, the result could be another round of price increases, creating more pressure for additional wage hikes and making it harder for middle- and lower-income Californians to remain in the state.

Original source: CalMatters

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